R I S A L A T

Definition of ‘Fiqh’
Difference between ‘Muqallid’ and ‘Mujtahid’
Definition of ‘Uṣūl al-Fiqh’
The end or purpose of ‘Uṣūl al-Fiqh’
The need for Uṣūl al-Fiqh
Similarity between the science of Logic and the science of Uṣūl al-Fiqh

2. How to classify the issues (Masā’il) discussed in Uṣūl al-Fiqh

The popular division:
Linguistic discussions
Intellectual discussions
Arguments and signs (Amārah)
Practical principles
Another division:
Linguistic discussions
Intellectual discussions

3. Waḍ‘

The definition of Waḍ‘
Types of Waḍ‘
Ta‘īnī
Ta‘ayyunī

Lecture 2, 19/09/2016

This lecture studies the following:

3. Waḍ‘

The definition of Waḍ‘
Types of Waḍ‘
Ta‘īnī
Ta‘ayyunī
Different types of Waḍ‘
Consideration of a general meaning ‘al-Waḍ‘-ul-‘Ām and al-Muḍū‘-ul-‘Ām
Consideration of a specific meaning al-Waḍ‘-ul-Khāṣ and al-Muḍū‘-ul-Khāṣ
Consideration of a term in a general way al-Waḍ‘-ul-Khāṣ and al-Muḍū‘-ul-‘Ām
Consideration of a term in a particular way al-Waḍ‘-ul-‘Ām and al-Muḍū‘-ul-Khāṣ
Another classification
Individual Waḍ‘
Typical Waḍ‘

4. Al-Dilālah al-Taṣawurīyah and al-Dilālah al-Taṣdīqīyah

The definition of al-Dilālah al-Taṣawurīyah
The definition of al-Dilālah al-Taṣdīqīyah

Lecture 3, 21/09/2016

This lecture studies the following:

5. The real and metaphoric usage (Ḥaqīqah and Majāz)

The definition of (true/real); Ḥaqīqah
The definition of (Metaphoric); Majāz
Isti‘ārih
Mursal

6. The signs of the real and metaphorical meaning

1.Preceded meaning (Tabādur)

Lecture 4, 26/09/2016

This lecture studies the following:

6. The signs of the real and metaphorical meaning

2. Preceded meaning (Tabādur)
3. Ṣiḥḥat-ul-Ḥaml and al-Salb (another way of explanation of Tabādur)
2 types of al-Ḥaml:
Primary (al-Ḥaml al-dhātī or al-Awalī)
Secondary (al-Ḥaml al-Shā’i‘ or al-Ṣanā‘ī)
4.Al-’iṭṭirād (very common and happens a lot)
5.Tanṣīṣu ahl al-Luqah

7. Uṣūl al-Lafẓīyah (Linguistic principles)

The kinds of principles (Uṣūl al-Lafẓīyah)
1. Iṣālat-ul-ḥaqīqah (Principle of real meaning)
2. Iṣālat-ul-‘umūm (Principle of general meaning)
3. Iṣālat-ul-Iṭlāq (Principle of absolute meaning)
4. Iṣālat-ul-‘adam-u-taqdīr (Principle of implicit meaning)
5. Iṣālat-ul-ẓuhūr (Principle of apparent meaning)

Lecture 5, 28/09/2016

This lecture studies the following:

8. Ishtirāk and Tarāduf

1.The definition of Ishtirāk
1. Ishtirāk Lafẓī
2. Ishtirāk Ma‘nawī
2.The definition of Tarāduf

Lecture 6, 03/10/2016

This lecture studies the following:

3. The definition of Qarīnah al-Ṣārifah

9. Usage of an equivalent term in more than one meaning

10. Al-Ḥaqīqah al-Shar‘īyah

A discussion on the changing of the meaning of some of the words after Islam

Lecture 7, 05/10/2016

This lecture studies the following:

11. Al-Ṣaḥīḥ and al-A‘am

The definition
What meanings are included in the meaning which is the term designated for?

12. Mushtaq (Derived)

The definition
What is the time of expiry of a Mushtaq term?
Distinguish between Mushtaq in Naḥw and in Uṣūl al-Fiqh
Different types of engagement (Talabbus)

Lecture 8, 10/10/2016

This lecture studies the following:

Two major arguments for saying that this is designated for what is still engaged (Mutalabbis):
1. Preceded meaning (Tabādur)
2. Ṣiḥḥat al-Salb

Lecture 9, 17/10/2016

This lecture studies the following:

First Section: Commands

1. Māddat-ul-Amr

Meanings of Amr
Isti‘lā’ or ‘uluw which one is needed?
The root of Amr indicates obligation

Lecture 10, 19/10/2016

This lecture studies the following:

2.Hai’at-ul-Amr (the structure of command)

The meaning
Does the structure indicate Wujūb or not?
Other ways for indicating Wujūb
Amr after prohibition (Nahy)
Singular and repeated (Marrah and Tikrār)

Lecture 11, 26/10/2016

This lecture studies the following:

Immediate and delayed (Fur and Tarākhī)

3. Sufficiency (Ijzā’)

The meaning
2 debates:
Is it sufficient if a person answered the Amr at the emergency condition or not?
Is it sufficient if a person answered the Amr according to the Ẓāhir instead of Wāqi‘while having doubt or not?

Lecture 12, 31/10/2016

This lecture studies the following:

4. Wājib prerequisite

The meaning
Controversial matter: Is Muqaddimah necessary (Wājib) religiously (Shar‘ī) as it is rationally (‘aqlī)?
Types of Muqaddimah
Internal and external
‘aqlī (Rational), Shar‘ī, and ‘Addīyyah (Ordinary)
Wujūd, Ṣiḥḥah, Wujūb, and ‘Ilm
Sabab (Cause), Sharṭ (Condition), Mu‘īd (Preparatory), and Manī‘ (Obstacle)

Lecture 13, 02/11/2016

This lecture studies the following:

Mufawitah (To make something die), and Ghair Mufawitah
Ibādīyyah (Devotional) and Ghair Ibādīyyah (Non-devotional)
Different opinions on necessity of Muqaddimah religiously or rationally

5. Types of Wājib

Muṭlaq (Absolute) and Mashrūṭ (Conditional)
The meaning

Lecture 14, 07/11/2016

This lecture studies the following:

Mu’aqat (Timed) and Ghair Mu’aqat (Indefinitely)
The meaning
Types of Mu’aqat
Types of Ghair Mu’aqat
Nafsī (For itself) and Ghairī (For something else)
The meaning
Aṣlī (Expressed for itself) and Taba‘ī (Expressed for another Wājib)
The meaning
‘ainī (For every Mukallaf) and Kifā’ī (Sufficient if some perform it)
the meaning
Ta‘īnī (By appointment) and Takhīrī (By choice)
The meaning
Ta‘abudī and Tawaṣulī
The meaning

Lecture 15, 14/11/2016

This lecture studies the following:

6. Abrogation (Naskh)

The meaning
A question:
If the abrogated ruling is obligation (Wujūb), is there still any possibility to get permissibility of that action?
The outcome of this discussion

7. Commanding to command

Is commanding to command to do something, a command to also perform that act?

Lecture 16, 21/11/2016

This lecture studies the following:

8.Commanding something after it has been already commanded

Is the second command indicating emphasis or indicating a new legislation or command?
4 possibilities

Second Section: Prohibition

1.Māddat-ul-Amr wa Ṣīqatuh

The meaning of Nahy
The similarity between command and prohibition
Muta‘allaq meaning distancing
The differences between command and prohibition
Nature (Reality)
Origins (Source)
Consequences (Outcomes)
The root of Nahy indicates prohibition
Nahy and its indication on repeating or doing once

Lecture 17, 23/11/2016

This lecture studies the following:

2.Conjoining of Amr and Nahy in one thing

Types of conjoinment:
Amrī
Ma’mūrī
Mūridī
The meaning of “One thing” in the title

Lecture 18, 30/11/2016

This lecture studies the following:

Different opinions on this title:
It is possible
Arguments
It is impossible
Arguments
The outcome

Lecture 19, 05/12/2016

This lecture studies the following:

3. Prohibition implies invalidity or validity

In devotional act (al-Ibādāt)
The meaning of Ibādah
Its validity
Types of prohibition
Prohibition implies invalidity
In transaction (al-Mu‘āmilāt)
The meaning of Mu‘āmilah
Its validity
Prohibition implies invalidity
Difference between this title with conjoining of Amr and Nahy in one thing
Examples

Lecture 20, 07/12/2016

This lecture studies the following:

Third Section: Implications

Introductory points:
The definition of Mafhūm (Implication) and Manṭūq (Literal meaning)
Types of Manṭūq
Explicit (Ṣarīḥ)
Al-Muṭabiqī (By correspondence)
Al-Taḍamunī (Part of the meaning)
Inexplicit (Ghair al-Ṣarīḥ)
Al-Iltizamī (Imperative)
Al-Iqtiḍa
Al-Tanbīh (Warning)
Al-Ishārih
Discussion about implications on the minor premise (not the general rule)
Types of Mafhūm
Al-Muwāfiq (Mafhūm and Manṭūq are in the same type)
Al-Mukhalif (Mafhūm and Manṭūq are in the different types)
Types of Mafhūm al-Mukhālif
Mafhūm al-Sharṭ
Mafhūm al-Waṣf
Mafhūm al-Ghāyah
Mafhūm al-Ḥaṣr
Mafhūm al-‘adad
Mafhūm al-Laqab

Lecture 21, 12/12/2016

This lecture studies the following:

Mafhūm al-Sharṭ (Implication of the condition)
The meaning
The requirements for accepting Mafhūm al-Sharṭ:
The subject must exist
Relation between the condition (al-Sharṭ) and the conditional (Jazā’)
The relation must be under causality
That cause must be exclusive
Types of the indications in approving the mentioned requirements in the conditional sentence:
Waḍ‘
Inṣirāf
Iṭlāq

Lecture 22, 14/12/2016

This lecture studies the following:

Iṭlāq

Some examples

Lecture 23, 19/12/2016

This lecture studies the following:

2 points:
More than one conditions, but one conditional sentence

Lecture 24, 21/12/2016

This lecture studies the following:

Merge of causes and conditions
Merging the causes
The meaning
The ruling
Merging the conditions
The meaning
The ruling
Examples

Lecture 25, 23/01/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Mafhūm al-Waṣf
The meaning
al-Waṣf must be more inclusive than al-Muṣūf completely
A point on the debate that the scholars have about the existence of Mafhūm al-Waṣf

Lecture 26, 25/01/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Mafhūm al-Ghāyah
The meaning
2 discussions
3 elements for this implication
Al-Ghāyah (Limit)
Al-Mughyī (What is limited)
Ma ba’d al-Ghāyah (Post limitation matters)

Lecture 27, 30/01/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Mafhūm al-Ḥaṣr (Implication of exclusion)
Different ways to express exclusiveness in Arabic
‘illā (الا)
The meaning
‘innamā (انما)
By Tabādur
By expressing of the early scholars in Arabic
By searching in Quran
Bal بل)) which is used for turning away something from another thing
Aspects of its meaning
Ḍamīrul Faṣl which occurs between Mubtadā and Khabar
Musnadun ilayh bil Lām subjected with Alif and Lām (ال)
To bring something which is supposed to be brought later
Examples

Lecture 28, 01/02/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Mafhūm al-‘adad (Implications of numbers)
Different ways of using a number
Examples
Mafhūm al-Laqab
The meaning
Example

Forth Section: ‘Umūm and Khuṣūṣ

Introductory points:
The meaning of ‘ām (Generality)
Types of ‘ām

Lecture 29, 08/02/2017

This lecture studies the following:

The terms of ‘umūm
Kinds of indication
Through designation
Examples
Through Iṭlāq (Absoluteness)
3 types
When Nakarih is mentioned in a negative sentence
The plural form preceded by Alif and Lām (ال)
The singular form preceded by Lām al-Jins
When ‘ām is modified and part of it is excluded, is this real usage or metaphoric?
3 opinions

Lecture 30, 13/02/2017

This lecture studies the following:

The chosen opinion
The definition of Mukhaṣiṣ al-Mutaṣil
The definition of Mukhaṣiṣ al-Munfaṣil
Al-Irādah al-Isti‘mālīyah
Al-Irādah al-Jidīyah
When ‘ām is modified, can be used as a reference for the remaining cases?
Following the ‘ām before looking for possible modification

Lecture 31, 15/02/2017

This lecture studies the following:

An implicit meaning acts as a Mukhaṣiṣ for ‘ām
Through Mafhūm al-Muwāfiq
Through Mafhūm al-Mukhalif
Restricting/understanding Quran by Khabar al-Wāḥid
3 opinions
2 reasons on possibility of understanding Quran by Khabar al-Wāḥid as our contemporary scholars believe
Several sentences followed by one exception
3 opinions
Abrogation and modification
The meaning

Lecture 32, 20/02/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Fifth Section: Muṭlaq and Muqayad, Mujmal and Mubīn

The definition of Muṭlaq
Some points as the conclusion
The terms indicated Iṭlāq
Ism-ul-Jins (A noun that refers to a type of being)
‘alam-ul-Jins
Definite article by Alif and Lām ال
Nakarih (Indefinite article)
Muṭlaq after modification is still Ḥaqīqah
2 views

Lecture 33, 22/02/2017

This lecture studies the following:

The requirements of Wisdom (Muqadamāt-ul-Ḥikmah)
The meaning
3 introductory points
Conflict between legislation and modification
To solve the conflict by any of these 2 ways
Mujmal (Unclear) and Mubīn (Clear)
The meaning
The reasons of using unclear sentence

Lecture 34, 06/03/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Sixth Section: Ḥujaj (Proofs) and Imārāt (Signs or evidences)

Arguments and evidences for religious rulings; Ḥujaj (Proofs) and Imārāt (Signs or evidences)
Al-Qaṭ‘ (Certainty) and its rulings
Validity of those suspicion which are valid
3 conditions for Al-Mukalaf
Having certainty
Having conjecture
Having doubt
Certainty and its rulings
The validity of certainty as a proof
The meaning
The characteristics of certainty
Tajarī
The meaning

Lecture 35, 08/03/2017

This lecture studies the following:

The rulings on Tajarī itself
3 opinions
The ruling on action which was done as Tajarī
Al-Qaṭ‘ al-Ṭarīqī and al-Muḍū‘ī (Certainty as a means and as an end)
The meaning
Examples
Al-Qaṭ‘ al-Qaṭā‘ (The certainty of a person who is easily convinced)
The meaning
2 matters to be discussed
Being convinced through Al-Qaṭ‘ al-Ṭarīqī
Being convinced through Al-Qaṭ‘ al-Muḍū‘ī

Lecture 36, 13/03/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Al-Ilm al-Ijmālī
Different types of knowledge (Al-Ilm)
Discussions:
Does Al-Ilm al-Ijmālī make Taklīf effective and actual?
Is al-Imtithāl al-Ijmālī enough?

Lecture 37, 15/03/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Ḥujīyat-ul-‘Aql (the argument/proof from the intellect)
Introductory points
Types of understanding of ‘Aql
Naẓarī
Self-evidence
Speculative
‘Amalī
Self-evidence
Speculative
3 types of reasoning
Al-Istiqrā’ (Induction)
Al-Tamthīl (Analogy)
Al-Qīyās (Syllogism)
The meaning of intellectual argument
Discussion in 2 sections:
Sometimes ‘Aql finds a sufficient ground to make a judgment about the ruling, by considering the subject directly
Sometimes ‘Aql makes a ruling based on its assessment of interests and harms
Examples

Lecture 38, 22/03/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Al-‘Urf and al-Sīrah (Popular opinion and the conduct)
The meaning
Discussion: Where can we refer to ‘Urf in religious matters?
To understand that something is valid or permissible as a Taklīf or Ḥukm al-Waḍ‘ī depends on 2 conditions:
That it must not be against any Islamic ruling
This conduct must be connected to the time of Ma‘sūmīn
Sīrah has 2 types:
Sometimes conflict the Quran and Sunnah
Sometimes it doesn’t conflict them, but still the opinion of Islam about it is not clear
Examples
To make the concepts clear
To know the instances for the concepts
To make clear those parts which are unclear in a specific contract

Lecture 39, 27/03/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Valid doubt rulings
Discussion on it in 2 levels
Is it possible to obey Allah by following conjecture?
Has this following actually happened?
Validity of the apparent meaning of Quran
4 conditions to be able to accept something as Ḥujjah

Lecture 40, 29/03/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Validity of the apparent meaning of Quran
Are the apparent meanings from conjectures or from certainty?
Conclusion

Lecture 41, 03/04/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Types of valid doubts
The famous Fatwa among scholars (Al-Shuhrah al-Fatwā’ī)
The meaning
Validity of what is received from the Sunnah of Ma‘sūmīn by Khabar al-Wāḥid
2 types of opinions of Scholars

Lecture 42, 05/04/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Arguments on validity of Khabar al-Wāḥid
Quran
Āyat-un-Naba’
Explanations on the terms of this verse
2 ways to argue this verse
To approach it as a kind of implicit meaning for a conditional sentence
To approach it as a kind of implicit meaning for an adjective
Āyat-un-Nafr
Explanation
Āyat-ul-Kitmān
Explanation
Āyat-us-Su’āl
Explanation
Different sets of Ḥadīth
Explanation with examples

Lecture 43, 19/04/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Ijmā‘ (Consensus)

Explanation
The habit of rational people
Explanation

Lecture 44, 24/04/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Ijmā‘ (Consensus)
The meaning
Types of Ijmā‘
Ḥujjīyah of Ijmā‘ al-Muḥaṣal (Established consensus by the Jurist himself) in the view point of Shia

Lecture 45, 26/04/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Ijmā‘ al-Manqūl (Reported consensus) in Khabar al-Wāḥid
Different opinions on the validity of this type of Ijmā‘
Ḥujjīyah of al-Qawl al-Lughawī

Lecture 46 ,08/05/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Seventh Section: Practical Principles (Uṣūl al-‘Amalīyah)

Meaning
Why there are only 4 principles?

Lecture 47, 10/05/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Aṣālat-ul-Barā’ah
Meaning
Types
Al-Shubhah al-Ḥukmīyah
Al-Taḥrīmīyah
Al-Wujūbīyah
Al-Shubhah al-Muḍū‘īyah
Al-Taḥrīmīyah
Al-Wujūbīyah
Types of Al-Shubhah Al-Taḥrīmīyah
Al-Shubhah al-Ḥukmīyah Al-Taḥrīmīyah because of ambiguity of text
Al-Shubhah al-Ḥukmīyah Al-Taḥrīmīyah because of having conflicting texts
Al-Shubhah al-Muḍū‘īyah Al-Taḥrīmīyah because of the mixture of external affairs
Al-Shubhah al-Ḥukmīyah al-Taḥrīmīyah because of not having reliable texts
Arguments of Uṣūlīyūn
Punishment depends on expression of Taklīf
Ḥadīth al-Raf‘
It is mentioned by Holy Prophet as a kind of Allah’s special favor for Ummah
Murṣalah al-Ṣadūq

Lecture 48, 11/09/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Rational argument
Conflict between 2 rational arguments and its answer
Arguments of al-Akhbārīyūn
Quran
Sunnah (Ḥadīths)
Must not (It is Ḥarām to) give Fatwa without knowledge
Must do Iḥtīyat (being cautious) before examination

Lecture 49, 13/09/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Types of Al-Shubhah Al-Wujūbīyah
Al-Shubhah al-Ḥukmīyah Al-Wujūbīyah because of not having reliable text
Al-Shubhah al-Ḥukmīyah Al-Wujūbīyah because of ambiguity of text
Al-Shubhah al-Ḥukmīyah Al-Wujūbīyah because of having conflicting texts
Al-Shubhah al-Muḍū‘īyah Al-Wujūbīyah because of the mixture of external affairs
Aṣālat-ut-Takhīīr (Principle of choice)
Meaning
Types
Being uncertain because of not having a reliable text
Being uncertain because of ambiguity of text
Being uncertain because of having conflicting texts
Being uncertain because of the mixture of external affairs

Lecture 50 ,18/09/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Lecture 51 ,20/09/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Aṣālat-ul-Iḥtīyāt (Principle of precaution)
Meaning
Types of Al-Shubhah al-Muḍū‘īyah
Al-Taḥrīmīyah
Al-Maḥṣūrih
Its ruling
Argument on possibility of exemption
Ghairul Maḥṣūrih
Meaning
Its ruling
Arguments on showing there is not any need to do Iḥtīyāt in this Shubhah

Lecture 52 ,25/09/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Arguments on showing there is not any need to do Iḥtīyāt in this Shubhah
Al-Wujūbīyah
Doubt between two separate things
When the cause of doubt is, not having reliable text
When the cause of doubt is ambiguity of text
When the cause of doubt is having conflicting texts
When the cause of doubt is the mixture of external affairs
Doubt between lesser and greater
When the cause of doubt is, not having reliable text
When the cause of doubt is ambiguity of text
When the cause of doubt is having conflicting texts
When the cause of doubt is the mixture of external affairs

Lecture 53 ,27/09/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Doubt between lesser and greater
When the cause of doubt is, not having reliable text
When the cause of doubt is ambiguity of text
When the cause of doubt is having conflicting texts
When the cause of doubt is the mixture of external affairs
The rule of doubt with respect to something being an obstacle or invalidated
Aṣālat-ul-Istiṣḥāb
The definition
The pillars of Istiṣḥāb
Examples
The difference between Istiṣḥāb and the rule of certainty

Lecture 54 ,02/10/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Arguments for validity of Istiṣḥāb
The earlier scholarly view
The later scholarly view

Lecture 55 ,04/10/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Few points on Istiṣḥāb
Actuality of doubt
Istiṣḥāb in a universal concept
3 types
No validity of Aṣl-ul-Muthbit

Lecture 56 part I ,09/10/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Preference of the implication at the level of cause
Preference of Istiṣḥāb in conflict with other principles

Lecture 56 part II ,09/10/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Eighth Section: Conflict between Shar‘ī Reasons

The definition
Ongoing and settled conflict (Ta‘āruḍ Ghairul Mustaqar) or putting 2 conflicting references together (Jam‘ al-‘urfī)
5 types

Lecture 57 part I ,11/10/2017

This lecture studies the following:

5 types
Takhaṣuṣ
Wurūd
Ḥukūmah

Lecture 57 part II ,11/10/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Ḥukūmah
Takhṣīṣ
Taqdīm al-Aẓhar ‘ala Ẓāhir

Lecture 58, 16/10/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Ongoing conflict (Ta‘āruḍ Mustaqar) or implementing preference or choice
What is the primary rule in conflict?
What is the secondary rule in conflict?
2 conflicting Ḥadīths are equal, without any preference
Is the choice only at the beginning or always?
What is the reference (meaning) of those Ḥadīths which forbids?
2 conflicting Ḥadīths, one of them has privilege over the other

Lecture 59, 18/10/2017

This lecture studies the following:

2 conflicting Ḥadīths, one of them has privilege over the other
What can be counted as preference
By looking at the narrator
By having more scholars agreeing upon it
By being more compatible with Quran
By being exclusively for Shia
Is it necessary to follow those preferences or they are just recommendations?
Can those preferences be taken only from the scripture and Ḥadīth?

Lecture 60 part I, 23/10/2017

This lecture studies the following:

The preference by being exclusively for Shia
Answers by the Imams whilst in prevarication (Taqīyah)
Is it necessary to follow those preferences or they are just recommendations?

Lecture 60 part II ,23/10/2017

This lecture studies the following:

Are those preferences to be taken only from the scripture?
The outcomes of this discussion
Conflicting 2 Ḥadīth by overlapping (Al-‘Umūm and al-Khuṣūṣ min wajh)